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Backpropagation

Feb 7, 2026 ML Math Derivations 12 min read

ML Math Derivations (19): Neural Networks and Backpropagation

How does a neural network learn? This article derives forward propagation, the chain rule mechanics of backpropagation, vanishing/exploding gradients, and initialization strategies (Xavier, He).

Mar 12, 2025 Linear Algebra 16 min read

Matrix Calculus and Optimization -- The Engine Behind Machine Learning

Adjusting the shower temperature is a tiny version of training a neural network: you change a parameter based on an error signal. Matrix calculus is the language that scales this idea to millions of parameters, and …