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GMM

Feb 6, 2026 ML Math Derivations 13 min read

ML Math Derivations (18): Clustering Algorithms

How do you find groups in unlabeled data? This article derives K-means (Lloyd + K-means++), hierarchical, DBSCAN, spectral, and GMM clustering from their mathematical foundations, with seven figures that show why each …

Feb 1, 2026 ML Math Derivations 11 min read

Machine Learning Mathematical Derivations (13): EM Algorithm and GMM

Derive the EM algorithm from Jensen's inequality and the ELBO, prove its monotone-ascent guarantee, and apply it to Gaussian Mixture Models with full E-step / M-step formulas, model selection via BIC/AIC, and the K-means …