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Regularization

Feb 8, 2026 ML Math Derivations 13 min read

ML Math Derivations (20): Regularization and Model Selection

The series finale: from the bias-variance decomposition to L1/L2 geometry, dropout as a sub-network sampler, k-fold CV, AIC/BIC, VC bounds, and the modern double-descent phenomenon that broke classical theory.

Jan 31, 2026 ML Math Derivations 14 min read

Machine Learning Mathematical Derivations (12): XGBoost and LightGBM

Derive XGBoost's second-order Taylor expansion, regularised objective and split-gain formula, then explore LightGBM's histogram algorithm, GOSS sampling and EFB bundling for industrial-scale gradient boosting.