System Architecture
Jan 15, 2026
Recommendation Systems
50 min readRecommendation Systems (16): Industrial Architecture and Best Practices
Production recommendation systems serve hundreds of millions of users with sub-100ms latency. This final article covers the industrial multi-stage pipeline (recall, coarse ranking, fine ranking, reranking), feature …
Jan 14, 2023
Computer Fundamentals
34 min readComputer Fundamentals (6): Deep Dive and System Integration
Series finale. We zoom out from individual components to the whole system: how CPU, cache, memory, storage, IO, and accelerators are wired together; how hardware-aware software wins by 100×; how to read performance …
Dec 24, 2022
Computer Fundamentals
40 min readComputer Fundamentals (5): Network, Power, and Troubleshooting
Deep dive into the NIC pipeline (PHY/MAC/DMA), TCP handshake, network topologies, PSU efficiency curves, datacenter PUE, component power hierarchy, and UPS architecture.
Dec 3, 2022
Computer Fundamentals
38 min readComputer Fundamentals (4): Motherboard, Graphics, and Expansion
Read a motherboard floor plan, understand PCIe lane allocation across CPU and chipset, follow the SIMT execution model that makes GPUs fast, compare DDR/GDDR/HBM memory, and pick the right display interface.
Nov 12, 2022
Computer Fundamentals
46 min readComputer Fundamentals (3): Storage Systems (HDD vs SSD)
Compare HDD and SSD working principles, SATA vs NVMe interface speeds, SLC/MLC/TLC/QLC lifespan, SSD optimization (4K alignment, TRIM), and RAID array configurations.
Oct 22, 2022
Computer Fundamentals
34 min readComputer Fundamentals (2): Memory and Cache Systems
How memory really works: hierarchy, DRAM vs SRAM, virtual memory, the TLB, ECC, NUMA, and channel scaling — explained from circuits to system design.
Oct 1, 2022
Computer Fundamentals
30 min readComputer Fundamentals (1): CPU and the Computing Core
Understand data units (bits and bytes), CPU architecture, the 5-stage pipeline, cache hierarchy, branch prediction, out-of-order execution, multi-core and SMT, Intel vs AMD differences, and how to choose the right …